Na jar roku 1999 vo\u0161la 20-ro\u010dn\u00e1 hackerka Eva Galperinov\u00e1 so svoj\u00edm priate\u013eom do kina v San Franciscu na premietanie filmu Matrix a odi\u0161la s pocitom, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve uvidela samu seba - alebo aspo\u0148 to, k\u00fdm by mohla by\u0165. Galperinov\u00e1, v tom \u010dase syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 administr\u00e1torka so zameran\u00edm na Unix a \u010diernymi a modr\u00fdmi dredmi, si okam\u017eite k\u00fapila dlh\u00fd \u010dierny kab\u00e1t s rozstrapkan\u00fdmi ruk\u00e1vmi. Jej priate\u013e si k\u00fapil okuliare Oakleys.\n<\/p>\n
Nebol to v\u0161ak len m\u00f3dny zmysel filmu, ktor\u00fd ich oslovil. Galperinov\u00e1 mala pocit, \u017ee predstavuje sk\u00fasenos\u0165 s hackerstvom sp\u00f4sobom, ak\u00fd nikdy predt\u00fdm nevidela. Zdalo sa, \u017ee Neo sa rozhodol podnikn\u00fa\u0165 svoju superhrdinsk\u00fa cestu, preto\u017ee pochopil, \u017ee \" interakciou s touto \u010diernou obrazovkou so svietiacim zelen\u00fdm n\u00e1pisom m\u00f4\u017ee zmeni\u0165 svet sp\u00f4sobom, ktor\u00fd nebol nevyhnutne ur\u010den\u00fd na to, aby sa zmenil, \" hovor\u00ed Galperinov\u00e1, ktor\u00e1 dnes pracuje ako riadite\u013eka kybernetickej bezpe\u010dnosti v nad\u00e1cii Electronic Frontier Foundation. \" Rozhodne som vy\u0161iel s t\u00fdmto pocitom: Na\u0161i \u013eudia nato\u010dili film. \"\n<\/p>\n
V\u0161eobecne uzn\u00e1van\u00fd k\u00e1non klasick\u00fdch hackersk\u00fdch filmov tvor\u00ed u\u017e roky ak\u00e1si sv\u00e4t\u00e1 trojica: WarGames z roku 1983 s digit\u00e1lnym delikventom, ktor\u00fd sa zaplietol do geopolitiky studenej vojny, po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovo-\u0161ifrovac\u00ed film Sneakers z roku 1992 a t\u00edned\u017eersk\u00fd kybernetick\u00fd triler Hackers z roku 1995. S odstupom nieko\u013ek\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed je v\u0161ak u\u017e d\u00e1vno \u010das uzna\u0165, \u017ee Matrix tento triumvir\u00e1t v istom zmysle zatienil. Zatia\u013e \u010do ostatn\u00e9 filmy o hackeroch skostnateli a zmenili sa na \u010dasov\u00e9 kapsule po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fdch hier na ma\u010dku a my\u0161, Matrix sa stal najtrvalej\u0161\u00edm, najpopul\u00e1rnej\u0161\u00edm a najrelevantnej\u0161\u00edm zobrazen\u00edm hackerstva - mozgovou z\u00e1str\u010dkou, ktor\u00e1 sa tak hlboko zap\u00edsala do na\u0161ej kult\u00farnej predstavy o tomto \u017e\u00e1nri, \u017ee sme na \u0148u takmer zabudli.\n<\/p>\n
Fan\u00fa\u0161ikovia t\u00fdchto in\u00fdch filmov pouk\u00e1\u017eu na to, \u017ee lietaj\u00faci kung-fu bojovn\u00edci v Matrixe s gotick\u00fdmi mramormi sa v pravom slova zmysle ve\u013emi nehackerili. \u00c1no, Neo za\u010d\u00edna film predajom n\u00e1strojov na digit\u00e1lne vniknutie ulo\u017een\u00fdch na minidiskoch a v pokra\u010dovan\u00ed Trinity re\u00e1lne pou\u017e\u00edva skenovac\u00ed program Nmap na naru\u0161enie servera elektrickej siete. Ale tieto momenty s\u00fa len kr\u00e1tkymi mrknutiami do skuto\u010dn\u00e9ho sveta kybernetickej bezpe\u010dnosti.\n<\/p>\n
Skuto\u010dn\u00fd hacking v Matrixe je metaforick\u00fd. Lekcia, ktor\u00fa Morfeus d\u00e1va Neovi, spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013e digit\u00e1lneho syst\u00e9mu nemus\u00ed dodr\u017eiava\u0165 jeho podmienky pou\u017e\u00edvania. Pre t\u00fdch, ktor\u00ed ch\u00e1pu z\u00e1kladn\u00fa pravdu virtu\u00e1lneho prostredia - jeho technick\u00fa realitu, nie il\u00fazie op\u00edsan\u00e9 v pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eskej pr\u00edru\u010dke -, nie s\u00fa pravidl\u00e1 ako gravit\u00e1cia nemenn\u00fdmi z\u00e1konmi, ale zdvoril\u00fdmi konvenciami. \" Niektor\u00e9 z nich sa daj\u00fa oh\u00fdba\u0165, \" hovor\u00ed Morfeus Neovi. \" In\u00e9 sa daj\u00fa poru\u0161i\u0165. \"\n<\/p>\n
Pri v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine skuto\u010dn\u00fdch hackersk\u00fdch \u00fatokov sa poru\u0161ovanie pravidiel odohr\u00e1va v nefilmovom r\u00e1mci po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej obrazovky. Matrix tento po\u010d\u00edta\u010d roz\u0161iruje na samotn\u00fa realitu; virtu\u00f3zne oh\u00fdbanie a poru\u0161ovanie digit\u00e1lnych pravidiel sa prirodzene st\u00e1va druhom fyzik\u00e1lneho wu-\u0161u.\n<\/p>\n
\" Matrix ukazuje vesm\u00edr, ktor\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee vytvori\u0165 softv\u00e9r,\" hovor\u00ed Dino Dai Zovi, zn\u00e1my hacker a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fd v\u00fdskumn\u00edk, ktor\u00fd spoluzakladal bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 firmy Trail of Bits a Capsule8. \" \u010c\u00edm viac softv\u00e9r ovl\u00e1da v\u0161etko v na\u0161ich \u017eivotoch, t\u00fdm viac vzbudzuje \u00factu mo\u017enos\u0165 ma\u0165 nad n\u00edm moc. \"\n<\/p>\n
Tento koncept hackingu presahuje technol\u00f3giu konkr\u00e9tnej doby, \u010do vysvet\u013euje, pre\u010do sa hackeri aj po rokoch pri vysvet\u013eovan\u00ed svojej pr\u00e1ce st\u00e1le odvol\u00e1vaj\u00fa na anal\u00f3gie z filmu. Ke\u010f v\u00fdskumn\u00edci z Michiganskej univerzity v roku 2016 vyu\u017eili \u00fanik elektrickej energie z \u010dipu, aby v \u0148om ukryli zadn\u00e9 dvierka, op\u00edsali to ako \" mimo Matrixu. \" Ke\u010f bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e1 v\u00fdskumn\u00ed\u010dka Joanna Rutkowska uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017ee uv\u00e4zni\u0165 po\u010d\u00edta\u010d obete v nevidite\u013enej vrstve softv\u00e9ru pod svojou kontrolou, nazvala to \" \u00fatokom modrej pilulky \".\n<\/p>\n
\" M\u00f4\u017eem pou\u017ei\u0165 Matrix, aby som vysvetlila, \u017ee to je \u017eena v \u010derven\u00fdch \u0161at\u00e1ch, ktor\u00fa v\u0161etci vidia, ale hacker m\u00f4\u017ee vidie\u0165 k\u00f3d, ktor\u00fd t\u00fato \u017eenu vykres\u013euje, a zmeni\u0165 farbu jej \u0161iat,\" hovor\u00ed Katie Moussouris, renomovan\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e1 v\u00fdskumn\u00ed\u010dka a gener\u00e1lna riadite\u013eka spolo\u010dnosti Luta Security. \" A aj ke\u010f ste to vy, program\u00e1tor, nechceli dovoli\u0165, je to mo\u017en\u00e9, preto\u017ee m\u00f4\u017eem skontrolova\u0165, \u010do sa v skuto\u010dnosti deje pod povrchom. \"\n<\/p>\n
Dai Zovi, ktor\u00fd film prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t videl ako 19-ro\u010dn\u00fd \u0161tudent, hovor\u00ed, \u017ee Matrix zachyt\u00e1va predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pocit hackerstva. O rok nesk\u00f4r pracoval ako syst\u00e9mov\u00fd administr\u00e1tor pre spolo\u010dnos\u0165 SuperFamilies.com, ktor\u00e1 sa zaoberala soci\u00e1lnymi m\u00e9diami a mala nieko\u013eko pracovn\u00fdch stan\u00edc Sun Microsystems navy\u0161e. V jeden piatok sa sp\u00fdtal, \u010di si m\u00f4\u017ee jednu z nich vzia\u0165 domov, aby sa s \u0148ou pohral - a na\u0161iel v jej softv\u00e9ri chybu v po\u0161koden\u00ed pam\u00e4te, ktor\u00fa sa cel\u00e9 jarn\u00e9 pr\u00e1zdniny u\u010dil zneu\u017e\u00edva\u0165.\n<\/p>\n
Ke\u010f sa mu to kone\u010dne podarilo, Dai Zovi prv\u00fdkr\u00e1t za\u017eil, ak\u00e9 to je, ke\u010f pomocou techniky, ktor\u00fa vymyslel, \u00faplne ovl\u00e1dne kus k\u00f3du a prin\u00fati ho robi\u0165, \u010do si \u017eel\u00e1. Prirovnal to k tomu, ke\u010f Neo sko\u010d\u00ed do tela agenta Smitha, odp\u00e1li ho a potom ticho stoj\u00ed na jeho mieste, zatia\u013e \u010do sa svet okolo neho nen\u00e1padne oh\u00fdba. \"Urob\u00ed tak\u00fdto ohyb a obrazovka akoby bublinkuje, akoby deformoval \u010dasopriestor,\" hovor\u00ed Dai Zovi. \" Ke\u010f nap\u00ed\u0161ete svoj prv\u00fd exploit - alebo st\u00fd \u010di tis\u00edci - c\u00edtite, ako sa oh\u00fdba. Ke\u010f ho zdokonal\u00edte, chcete ho spusti\u0165 mili\u00f3nkr\u00e1t, aby ste z\u00edskali ten pocit sily a schopnosti. \"\n<\/p>\n
Hackeri v na\u0161ej realite e\u0161te nevl\u00e1dnu superschopnos\u0165ami. Ale ke\u010f\u017ee sie\u0165ov\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de prenikaj\u00fa do e\u0161te v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ieho mno\u017estva fyzick\u00fdch objektov - na\u0161ich \u00e1ut, dom\u00e1cich zariaden\u00ed a dokonca aj do kritickej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary, ako s\u00fa elektrick\u00e9 siete, syst\u00e9my z\u00e1sobovania vodou a v\u00fdroba - modern\u00fd \u017eivot sa st\u00e1le viac podob\u00e1 Matrixu. Schopnos\u0165 ovl\u00e1da\u0165 tieto po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my sa st\u00e1va zru\u010dnos\u0165ou, ktor\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee zmeni\u0165 skuto\u010dn\u00fd svet.\n<\/p>\n
Odpoji\u0165 sa od v\u0161adepr\u00edtomn\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00edta\u010da u\u017e pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu z n\u00e1s nie je mo\u017en\u00e9. Lep\u0161ie je mo\u017eno obliec\u0165 si pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165, ponori\u0165 sa do digit\u00e1lneho sveta a za\u010da\u0165 oh\u00fdba\u0165 ly\u017eice.\n<\/p>\n
Tento \u010dl\u00e1nok vy\u0161iel v decembri 2021\n<\/p>\n
Dajte n\u00e1m vedie\u0165, \u010do si mysl\u00edte o tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku. Po\u0161lite list redakcii na adresu mail@wired.com.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Na jar roku 1999 vo\u0161la 20-ro\u010dn\u00e1 hackerka Eva Galperinov\u00e1 so svoj\u00edm priate\u013eom do kina v San Franciscu na premietanie filmu Matrix a odi\u0161la s pocitom, \u017ee pr\u00e1ve uvidela samu seba - alebo aspo\u0148 to, k\u00fdm by mohla by\u0165. Galperinov\u00e1, v tom \u010dase syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 administr\u00e1torka so zameran\u00edm na Unix a \u010diernymi a modr\u00fdmi dredmi, si okam\u017eite […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":34258,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[28],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34249","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-future-of-reality"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/movieworld.blog\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34249","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/movieworld.blog\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/movieworld.blog\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/movieworld.blog\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/movieworld.blog\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34249"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/movieworld.blog\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34249\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/movieworld.blog\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/34258"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/movieworld.blog\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34249"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/movieworld.blog\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34249"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/movieworld.blog\/sk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34249"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}